Enigmas of Imperial Nursing

Florence Nigthingale, Catherine Grace Loch and the Indian Army Nursing Service

Abstract

Professional nurse, Catharine Grace Loch made a significant contribution to the development of the Indian Army Medical Services in the late nineteenth century. With the notable exception of George and Lourdusamy (2023), historians have almost entirely overlooked her work. This article addresses our lack of understanding of her project in India, focussing on her genteel struggle with the imperialist military medical establishment of her day and drawing out several themes: Loch’s understanding of the nature of nursing and the need for fully-trained women to deliver it; the significance of Florence Nightingale’s mentorship and the enigmatic ways in which both women decoded the imperialist mentalities of their age in order to make use of Anglo-Indian networks and patronage; and the personal costs of Loch’s sustained efforts to implement a form of nursing that harmonised with her professional values. The main primary sources for the study are Loch’s letters to her mentor, Florence Nightingale, her correspondence with her sisters (which was subsequently developed into a Memoir), and her articles in professional nursing journals. I argue that Loch successfully navigated the complex terrain of late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century Indian military medicine. Nursing care was delivered by teams composed of lady-nurses, who she herself managed; military orderlies, over whom she had no control and little influence; and so-called ‘native’ orderlies, who suffered prejudice and sometimes outright abuse from doctors, orderlies and patients, and who, in consequence, withdrew psychologically and emotionally from the delivery of care. These complexities are analysed within the paper, which concludes that Loch’s work had a profound and positive influence on the tortuous history of late-nineteenth-century British India, but that these gains were won at the cost of Loch’s own health.